These concepts are also important in the design of cryptographic hash functions and pseudorandom number generators, where decorrelation of the generated values is the main feature, diffusion (and its avalanche effect) is also applicable to non-cryptographic hash functions.Ĭonfusion means that each binary digit (bit) of the ciphertext should depend on several parts of the key, obscuring the connections between the two. Although ciphers can be confusion-only ( substitution cipher, one-time pad) or diffusion-only ( transposition cipher), any "reasonable" block cipher uses both confusion and diffusion. These properties, when present, work together to thwart the application of statistics and other methods of cryptanalysis.Ĭonfusion in a symmetric cipher is obscuring the local correlation between the input ( plaintext) and output ( ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by spreading it over a larger area of ciphertext. In cryptography, confusion and diffusion are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher identified by Claude Shannon in his 1945 classified report A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography. ![]() JSTOR ( April 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.įind sources: "Confusion and diffusion" – news Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. ![]() This article needs additional citations for verification.
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